Vol. 10, Issue 9, Part C (2025)

Author(s): Abhinav Gupta, Pankaj Kumar Maurya, Abhay Kumar Yadav, Sudarshan Kumar Bind, Ankur Yadav, Vipin Kumar Maurya and Kalpana

Abstract: The domestic male dogs are non-seasonal breeder. The female's reproductive cycle is characterized by prolonged proestrus and estrus phases, and they are monoestrus. Prior to ovulation, the estrogen peak that occurs during the estrous cycle is accompanied by an increase in the amount of progesterone in the blood. Diestrus follows estrus, followed by anestrus. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis controls the ovarian cycle. Testosterone is an essential component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which regulates male spermatogenesis. Domestic dogs and the majority of wild canids have comparable reproductive cycles. After diestrus, there is a prolonged period of ovarian inactivity. Numerous factors contribute to dog breeding failure, and a precise diagnosis necessitates extensive research. Breeding failures can be two types, infectious and non-infectious. The majority of reported cases of bacterial endometritis were discovered to be among the infectious causes in the bitch. Endometrial degenerative disorders, uterine cysts, and primary and secondary Anoestrus are examples of non-infectious causes. Infectious and non-infectious reasons can also affect males. Other non-infectious causes of male infertility include acquired anatomical defects and bilateral cryptorchidism. Infertility is caused by prostatitis, spermatocele or sperm granulomas, genital duct obstruction, or inguinal or scrotal hernia. Orchitis and epididymitis are caused by infections that change the quality of semen. There are significant effects of nutrition on reproductive function as well.

DOI: 10.22271/veterinary.2025.v10.i9c.2552