Vol. 10, Issue 5, Part A (2025)

Author(s): Lalit Kumar, Santosh Kumar Jakhar, Surendra Singh, Manish Kumawat and Pulkit Chugh

Abstract: Mastitis remains a persistent and economically significant disease in dairy cattle, with subclinical mastitis (SCM) posing the greatest challenge due to its lack of visible symptoms and potential to impair milk yield and quality. In light of increasing concerns about antimicrobial resistance, many countries have implemented regulations restricting blanket dry cow therapy, promoting selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) to minimize unnecessary antibiotic use. This review explores key aspects of mastitis management, focusing on clinical signs, pathogens involved, diagnostic techniques, and treatment strategies. Bovine mastitis, whether clinical or subclinical, is mainly caused by bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and results in elevated Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) and altered milk composition, particularly reduced casein and lactose levels. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control. Conventional methods such as SCC measurement and bacteriological cultures remain gold standards, while novel technologies like metabolomics using GC-MS and NMR offer promising biomarker identification for early detection. On-farm diagnostic tools like the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Easy Culture Systems facilitate rapid pathogen classification and treatment decisions. Treatment during the dry period is often more successful, especially for certain pathogens, while chronic cases often require culling. Preventive strategies, including proper hygiene, post-milking teat dipping, and environmental sanitation, are vital. This review emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional diagnostic methods with emerging technologies and responsible antibiotic stewardship. Future progress in mastitis control depends on advancing diagnostic tools, improving farm-level practices, and sustaining research efforts to reduce mastitis prevalence and its economic impact.