Vol. 10, Issue 3, Part A (2025)

Author(s): Tejal Bhapkar, Swati A Umap, Alka Sawarkar, Gauri Deshmukh, Sonal Dubey, RP Limsay, AP Somkuwar, VI Borekar and Vasavi D

Abstract: Pharmacogenomics, the study of how genetic variation influences drug response, is a rapidly advancing field poised to revolutionize personalized medicine. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacogenomics, tracing its evolution from early genetic insights to its current state. The discussion begins with an introduction to the foundational principles of pharmacogenomics and its historical milestones. It then delves into how genomic variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations (CNVs), impact drug metabolism and efficacy. Key methodologies employed in pharmacogenomic research are examined, highlighting the strengths and limitations and other cutting-edge technologies. The article also addresses the significant challenges facing the field, such as ethical considerations, the complexity of genetic interactions, and the need for robust clinical implementation frameworks. Looking ahead, the review explores future perspectives, emphasizing the potential for pharmacogenomics to enhance drug development, improve therapeutic outcomes, and pave the way for truly individualized treatment regimens.

DOI: 10.22271/veterinary.2025.v10.i3a.2106