Vol. 10, Issue 12, Part D (2025)

Limb amputation in animals is most frequently performed following trauma, neoplasia, infection, or severe neurologic dysfunction, and although many quadrupeds adapt well to three-legged locomotion, prosthetic devices have become an increasingly valuable option for improving long-term mobility and quality of life. Veterinary prosthetics include exo-prostheses (socket prostheses), endo-prostheses, and intraosseous transcutaneous amputation prostheses (ITAP). This review highlights their objectives, design principles, applications, and limitations. The primary goals of prosthetic intervention are to enhance functional mobility, minimize secondary musculoskeletal strain, allow participation in rehabilitation, and support animals in performing daily activities. Exo-prostheses are the most commonly utilized because they are economical, non-invasive, and adaptable to various amputation levels. Their effectiveness depends heavily on proper socket design, which must ensure stability, efficient load transfer, and comfort while preventing skin injury. Key components including the socket, liner, suspension system, and pylon are constructed from advanced materials such as carbon fiber, silicone, and lightweight metals to optimize durability and biomechanical function. However, socket prostheses may be contraindicated in cases of severe skin mobility, neurologic impairment, or poor owner compliance, and they often require ongoing adjustments due to changes in stump shape or soft tissue health.
In contrast, ITAP systems employ direct skeletal anchorage through Osseo integration, eliminating socket-related complications and enabling improved proprioception and load transmission. Despite these advantages, ITAP remains limited by high cost, surgical complexity, and risks such as infection, bone fracture, and implant loosening. Overall, continued advancements in rehabilitation, biomaterials, and additive manufacturing are expected to enhance prosthetic outcomes. Veterinary prosthetics are progressively evolving toward more customized, functional, and biologically integrated solutions that can significantly improve welfare in companion and farm animals following limb loss.